Androstenodione Essays - Major League Baseball, Baseball

Androstenodione This past year a lot of things have happened in the world. President Clinton could possibly be impeached. Our government tried to once again take over Sadaam Hussein. And Mark McGwire hit 70 home runs to break Roger Maris' record of 61. During this extraordinary event in the baseball world, one item of skepticism clouded the entire accomplishment. During an interview that he was giving next to his locker, a reporter noticed a bottle on the top shelf. This bottle was filled with a nutritional pill titled androstenedione, a legal dietary supplement that is a testosterone-producing drug that helps the body repair itself after workouts. This repairment, in turn, helps the person taking it build muscle faster. Some sports fans, and some who are not, say that McGwire's record should be discounted due to the use of this pill. I am not one of those people. What he did this year was a personal accomplishment and while the "andro" may have helped a little, Mark did this through years of hard work in the batting cages. As a skinny rookie in 1987, McGwire managed to knock 49 baseballs out of the park. I think that 11 more years experience in the league could provide a player with the experience to chalk up another 21 dingers. Now granted, I can see some skeptics points. Androstenedione is a supplement that has been banned by a number of sports organizations worlwide: the NFL, NCAA, and the International Olympic Committee for example. But Major League Baseball is not one of these organizations. So why then should his record be nixed for breaking a rule that does not even apply in his sport? The answer is he shouldn't. Mark McGwire is a superb athlete who bettered his game by following the rules. He did absolutely nothing wrong in obtaining this once thought of unobtainable record. Another aspect to look at is that Sammy Sosa also had a tremendous year. This Chicago Cub hit 66 home runs this year and he has never touched androstenedione. How hard is it for a fellow slugger to hit 4 more? Not that difficult if you are as high a caliber player as McGwire. Muscle building supplements have been used for years in pro and college athletic programs. Creatine, probably the most popular, is used by virtually every major college in the country. Even your average weight lifter uses it. Androstenedione is just one step higher on the dietary scale, and only by a fraction. A statement was issued by the Cardinal's medical staff concerning androstenedione when the supposed "scandal" surfaced. Now, there is a possibility that it may be a tad biased but keep in mind that the ladies and gentlemen that issued this statement are still doctors. "Androstenedione is a natural substance, which is a natural precursor product of testosterone. It has no proven anabolic steroid effect nor significant side effects. It stimulates slight increase levels for a short period of time (1 hour). Taken approximately one hour before workouts, it may make one's workout more efficient. "Due to current research that locks documentary evidence of any adverse side effects, the Cardinal's medical staff cannot object to Mark's choice to use this legal and over-the-counter supplement." If doctor after doctor repeatedly defends androstenedione as harmless and the FDA approves its use, why all the controversy? Creatine is basically the same thing and is used on a much more widespread basis, yet no one questions its use. Why? I think that partly the reason may be because Mark McGwire is so good and so powerful. Roger Maris' record was never even threatened up until this year. Living in the type of country we do, people needed to find a bad side to everything that is pure. Even if no rule was broken, the public accuses anyway. If legal muscle enhancing products were outlawed and everyone who used them had their records revoked, the standard by which we measure athletic greatness would be considerably lower. Regardless of whether or not Mr. McGwire used a muscle enhancing product or not, he accomplished a spectacular feat. Something legal that he did should not question the validity of that event. It is a sad fact that a sports hero can break a once thought untouchable record and now his name will forever be flawed for no reason at all.

THE LOST WORLD Essays - The Lost World, Jurassic Park, Free Essays

THE LOST WORLD Essays - The Lost World, Jurassic Park, Free Essays THE LOST WORLD by Michael Crichton This story takes place six years after the Jurassic Park disaster. The book starts out with Ian Malcom giving a speach on his theory of extinction at a place called the Santa Fe Institute. As he's talking, a tall man stands up. His name is Richard Levine. He's a paleontologist, and he is fairly wealthy. He interrupts Ian to tell him that he doesn't think dinosaurs are really extinct. He believes there's a lost world on an island somewhere off Costa Rica. "I'm quite serious. What if the dinosaurs did not become extinct? What if they still exist? Somewhere in an isolated spot on the planet?" (5) Ian tells him this is nonsense, and continues on explaining his theory. Outside of the Santa Fe Institute, Ian meets up with his long time friend, Sarah Harding, a well-known biologist who studies large predators in Africa. They discuss what Levine said, and they come to the mutual conclusion that Levine probably doesn't know what he's talking about. Meanwhile, Levine is secretly preparing equipment for a jungle expedition. He enlists the help of a man called Doc Thorne, who was a college engineering professor, but now designs souped-up vehicles for expeditions and searches. He also enlists Doc Thorne's best mechanic, Eddie Carr. Levine has Doc Thorne and Eddie rig a Ford Explorer and a motorcycle to run on batteries. He also has them build reinforced trailers to house biological labs. Levine inspects the equipment and sees that it is satisfactory and almost ready to go. He suggests that instead of testing the prototype vehicles first, they take them directly to Costa Rica to start the expedition. Thorne doesn't like the idea, but because Levine is so enthusiastic, he agrees. Levine sets to leave at midnight from San Francisco, and the expedition is to join him in Costa Rica about forty-eight hours later. As they're finalizing their plans for the trip, a black kid, Arby Benton, about ten years old, wearing glasses and a suit, and a taller white girl named Kelly Curtis walk in and catch wind of the plan and immediately want to go. They had been expecting to go on another small expedition with Levine over their spring break to study fossils having already had permission from their parents. Since they already had permission to be away from home, they decided it wouldn't hurt to go a little farther. Levine, Thorne and Eddie immediately say, "No," thinking that the risk would be too high. Levine leaves later that night for Costa Rica. Back at the Santa Fe Institute, Malcom says goodbye to Sarah, because she is going back to Africa to continue her study of hyenas. As Malcom watches her leave, he decides to go visit his friend Doc Thorne in a day or two. Levine reaches Costa Rica the next day and charters a fishing boat to bring him to Isla Sorna, one of five islands in a chain known as the "Five Deaths." Satellite evidence indicates to Levine that a volcanic island in this area may be home to nests of living dinosaurs. Before Levine leaves for the island, he hires a local guide, named Diego, who visited the island frequently as a child and claims to have knowledge of the island's trails and primitive roads. They set out for Sorna and reach it two hours later. Levine and Diego are forced to climb steep cliffs to reach the plateau at the top of the island. As they reach the top, Diego looks around and confidently tells Levine to follow him. Diego leads the way to a stream where Levine stoops down to take a drink. In the undergrowth around him, he notices several small, chicken-sized dinosaurs. He recognizes them as procompsagnathuses. Diego also notices them and reaches out his hand to pet them. Levine warns him that even though these dinosaurs are small, it's possible that they could have a venomous bite. Diego quickly pulls his hand back just as one of the dinosaurs jumps at him and tries to bite him. Suddenly, the little dinosaurs begin to chirp and become skittish. They quickly scatter into the underbrush and disappear. Levine looks around worriedly for a some sign of what has frightened the diminuative dinosaurs. As he glances around, he can tell something is wrong, but he can't put his finger on what it is. Suddenly, Diego is jerked from his feet and dragged screaming

Sales promotion and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sales promotion and Management - Essay Example For instance, coffee is one of the most valuable import commodities in the whole of the United States of America. To be able to cope with the demand resulting from the popularity of coffee as the most preferred beverage in the world, there have been numerous retail chains that have been established. There has been a remarkable and continued expansion of their operations in the sector. This paper will analyze and critically evaluate the various promotional techniques used in the sector and further evaluate their effectiveness. In addition, the issue of budgeting for the chosen promotional activities and the respective returns will also be discussed. Large self-service retail chains or coffee shops have always provided customers with an experience. This is by the way they provide a wide range of innovative products and services, through well-targeted promotions that have an impact on their buying decisions. Some of the most common promotional techniques that are closely related to product trial include the use of free samples, bonuses, coupons, and discount on purchases and in the shop display. The main reason behind the use of trials is that they determine repurchase behaviour among consumers. In addition, they also mediate in the relationship between sales promotions and repeat-buying behaviour. Repeat-buying behaviour of customers is widely influenced by the values or tastes obtained and perceived on the product or the taste of the coffee in a given retail chain as commonly stated by many. Additionally, the product characteristics, knowledge, trial, availability and subsequent purchase factors influence the customers towards making re-buying decisions in relation to the type of promotional technique employed by the coffee chains. Moreover, the decision by consumers to re-purchase the products on offer or in this case, revisit the retail chains is largely affected by customers’ level of satisfaction that is obtained from the products. It is also

Operations Issues in Hospitality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Operations Issues in Hospitality - Essay Example to assist people with related or interdependent job’s to examine ways in which their teams work together, at the same time identifying strengths and weaknesses, and developing plans to improve team functioning. In essence, team-building is a task-oriented activity with an emphasis on interpersonal interaction. The processes taken into account in team-building are setting goals, developing interpersonal relations, role analysis to clarify team members job, and overall analysis ÃŽ ¿f the team process. There is also an endeavour to use substantial contact among members to foster trust and openness, and there is a pronounced emphasis on changes that will lead to improvement in specific aspects ÃŽ ¿f team performance. For an operations manager to be more effective in his organisation to carry out functions and the duties required to operate the business effectively, it is essential to pass on authority to his management team to purse certain activities. The process ÃŽ ¿f delegation for the operations manager is one ÃŽ ¿f the major functions ÃŽ ¿f effective management. The process ÃŽ ¿f delegation relives the operations manager from involvements in the day to day detail running ÃŽ ¿f particular activities involved in his business operation but not absolves the operations manager from the responsibility ÃŽ ¿f ensuring that the duties ÃŽ ¿f his delegated are correctly and efficiently performed. It is necessary to delegate at every level ÃŽ ¿f management and supervision delegation has to take place, either because ÃŽ ¿f the need for specialist knowledge which the delegator does not process or because ÃŽ ¿f the amount ÃŽ ¿f work the operation manager has to perform and because ÃŽ ¿f the physically impossible by the huge volume ÃŽ ¿f work load. (Rutherford 2002) According to Eyre 0Forecasting is normally done for two periods, short-range and long-range. Both are necessary if the operations manager is to be successful in achieving its objectives in the long term and so can formulate plans for such

Article critique in Higher Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Article critique in Higher Education - Essay Example he NSF/PTK project, the credibility of the authors to write about the NSF/PTK project is not as strong as compared to having all the three authors a member of the NSF/PTK project. The qualification of the authors would have been stronger if all the authors are members of the NSF/PTK project. The author of this article mentioned that the article was written to determine the impact of the NSF and PTK project in the quality of the community’s education. It is good that the authors explicitly stated in Table I – Phi Theta Kappa Award-Winning Colleges the name of the seven selected schools, the number of campuses in each school, the number of enrollees and education program students together with its partnered 4-year institution that participated in the study. This information provides the reader a rough idea on where the study in this article was conducted. Funded by the NSF and PTK, the authors explicitly stated that the purpose of the study is to determine the impact or effect of the implemented national project on the 7 selected community colleges including the 4-year partner institutions in strengthening the Science, Mathematics, and technology components of the educational programs in each community college. The authors did not mention any research question or hypothesis in this study. This area is one of the weak points of this study. The article would have been written better by including some research question and/or hypotheses since it would allow the readers to have a critical thinking regarding the main topic of this article. There is no solid literature review in this article. Since two of the authors are professors and the other one is a teacher education instructor, most of the information in this article came from their own idea, perception, and experience in their teaching profession. mentioned that the NSF and PTK project has two rounds of funding wherein the first round is composed of seven mentor teams that worked with 18 selected community

The Importance Of Tanzania Joining International Trade Economics Essay

The Importance Of Tanzania Joining International Trade Economics Essay The world has become dynamic which forces countries around the world to trade interchangeably. As any other country, Tanzania has seen the importance of joining international Trade by identifying ways and means of navigating through a viable and steady path towards competitive export-led growth for the realisation of the goal of poverty eradication. In order for Tanzania to grow it needed to increasingly engage in the global trading system and draw benefits from inclusive globalization, in particular higher economic growth and poverty reduction. Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction Tanzania is situated on the east coast of Africa. Tanzania which includes the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba became independent in 1961 with a per capita GNP of US$ 210 the economy is essentially dependent on agriculture. Tanzania is one of the worlds least developed countries. From independence in 1961 Tanzania followed a socialist model of economic development. This essentially non-market approach resulted in the nationalization of businesses and industries and the collectivization of agriculture. Over time the failures of this strategy became apparent as the economy stagnated and suffered significant setbacks. Since 1985 Tanzania has implemented a series of economic reforms but progress has been inconsistent. However since 1995 the pace of reform has accelerated and Tanzania has focused on macroeconomic stabilization and fiscal reform supported by international financial institutions. Tanzanias economic performance was expected to remain strong in 2008. GDP growth for 2008 was estimated at 7.5 per cent, up from 7.2 per cent in 2007 and an improvement between 2002-2006 period when the economy grew by an average of 6.0 per cent. Recent growth has mainly been attributed to construction, tourism and mining. Economic reforms have been key growth drivers and have transformed the economy from a relatively controlled one to one that is liberalized and market-driven. Inflation has remained in single digits and averaged 5.0 per cent per annum from 2000-2006 but shot up in 2008 and is expected to edge over 9 per cent  in 2008, as a result of the globally high food and fuel prices. The current account deficit was forecast to stay at  about 13 percent of GDP due to higher imports as a result of strong economic activities and a construction boom. Tanzanias main trading partners are the European Union, Japan, India, and Kenya. Tanzanias exports are primarily agricultural commodities such as Coffee Cashew nuts Tobacco Cotton constituting the largest sectors Imported products are as follow Machinery Transportation equipment Industrial raw materials Consumer goods constitute the major portion. Because of the decrease in agricultural production during the past few years, attributable to climatic conditions, food and foodstuffs imports have increased sharply. Tanzania is a net importer of services. Dar es Salaam is the commercial capital and major sea port for Tanzania Mainland and it serves neighboring land-locked countries of Malawi, Zambia, Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda, as well as Eastern DRC. Other sea ports include Zanzibar, Tanga, and Mtwara.   Because of its geographical and location advantage, Dar es Salaam Port presents itself as the gateway into East and Central Africa.  Furthermore, this renders Tanzania as a logical investment destination for investors. This indicates clearly that Tanzania can participate well in trade activities by integrating with other African Countries. 2.0 Statement of the Problem Tanzania Integration with Africa Trade Policy Framework 3.0 Objectives of the Study The objectives of the study are as follows: To indicate how Tanzania can integrate with African countries to be able to facilitate International Trade. To determine the major issues that can be improved to make Tanzania becoming the web of Africa in International Trade. African Trade Policy Framework Country firms are supposed to compete based on static comparative advantages, and free trade maximizes both national and international welfare. Perfect competition is assumed, market failures do not exist, and trade serves no other purpose other than that of efficient exchange of goods and services to maximize individual and collective welfare. In this world, the pattern of trade would be determined entirely by comparative costs whereby the most efficient producers would supply the worlds requirements and the market mechanism would be the sole determinant of prices. If free trade economists ruled the world, there would be no trade policy. This is because autonomous trade liberalization is unequivocally good for the liberalizing country leading ultimately to global free trade. In this world there would be no trade treaties, not trade negotiations and no World Trade Organization. Economic history shows that governments everywhere generally create and maintain distortions in the pattern of trade for reasons they consider more valid than the economists sole criterion of efficiency. Since the Second World War, trade policy has increasingly been dispersed at four major levels: By national governments Commodity-based cartels Regional blocks Multilateral institutions Often the politics of policy designs pulls in opposite directions. For example, while the multilateral arrangements (various General Agreements on Trade and Tariffs, GATT; and the recent World Trade Organization, WTO, rules) as well as the prescriptions under the Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP) by the World Bank and the IMF push hard towards free trade regimes, national politics often opts for protectionism. While multilateral rules via WTO encourage negotiated but complete liberalization, regional and national pressures are towards preferential and selective liberalization. What often emerges as the trade policies for individual countries are often the result of a balance (contestation) of power among the competing power blocks domestic politics due to interest group pressure versus external demands tied to external obligations to regional arrangements and international institutions. The policy content, in recognition of the tension, tries to marry both the economic and poli tical arguments. Trade policy in Africa has been no exception to these tensions between economics and politics. Though with differences in scope and intensity, trade policies in most African countries have generally followed a discernible pattern marked by the prevalence of restrictions on trade. Tanzania Trade Policy Framework Policy is a statement of intent for achieving an objective. Deliberate statement aimed at achieving specific objective policies are formulated by the Government in order to provide a guideline in attaining certain objectives for the benefit of the people VISION, MISSION AND OBJECTIVES OF TRADE POLICY This trade policy responds to and builds upon the internal economic reforms that have been under implementation since the mid 1980s, and to unfolding events in the international economic scene. These developments call for a systematic and consistent approach in the application and use of trade policy instruments in the process of building a competitive economy and striving for higher rates of growth. From the internal perspective, the policy draws upon the primary goal of the National Development Vision 2025, emphasising on poverty reduction and its ultimate eradication. In order to address the problem of poverty, it is necessary to attain and sustain a minimum GDP growth rate of 7% which in turn requires a minimum rate of 14% for trade growth. This highlights the importance of the international dimension in trade expansion strategies. Hence, from the international perspective, the policy draws upon unfolding changes in the MTS and emerging opportunities which can contribute immensely to the process of attaining and sustaining the high rates of economic growth that underpin strategies for poverty eradication. 3.1 TRADE POLICY VISION The role of the trade sector towards the realization of the national goal of poverty eradication will be attained through the structural transformation of the economy and enhanced productivity that will in turn contribute to the process of international competitiveness and lead to rapid economic growth. Vision is: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to transform the economy from a supply constrained one into a competitive export-led entity responsive to enhanced domestic integration and wider participation in the global economy through national trade liberalization. 3.2 MISSION Trade is not an end in itself but a means for achieving higher welfare to society, than would be possible without trade. The function of the trade sector, therefore, is to integrate the Tanzanian economy into the global economy through trade. This entails structural transformation of the national economy, and product/market diversification. Indeed, to sustain an economic growth rate above the 7% necessary for the achievement of the goals of National Development Vision 2025 depends on developing a modern export-led economy. High volumes of exports are necessary to achieve the goals of Vision 2025. Sustaining a high growth rate is a necessary but not sufficient condition for poverty eradication. Growth has to be complemented by broad-based equal opportunity of access to the primary assets of production land, education and finance for such growth to be translated into poverty eradication. The mission of the trade sector is therefore to: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦stimulate the development and gro wth of trade through enhancing competitiveness aiming at rapid socio-economic development. OBJECTIVES In accordance with the National Development Vision 2025, the goal of trade policy is that of raising efficiency and widening linkages in domestic production and building a diversified competitive export sector as the means of stimulating higher rates of growth and development. Five specific objectives emanate from and reflect this goal. The first specific objective is to stimulate a process of trade development as the means of triggering higher performance and capacity to withstand intensifying competition within the domestic market. This includes the establishment of improved physical market-place infrastructure and stimulating dissemination of market information and increasing access to the market. The second objective involves economic transformation towards an integrated, diversified and competitive entity capable of participating effectively in the MTS. The third objective entails the stimulation and encouragement of value-adding activities on primary exports as a means of increasing national earnings and income flows even on the basis of existing output levels. Fourth is the stimulation of investment flows into export oriented areas in which Tanzania has comparative advantages as a strategy for inducing the introduction of technology and innovation into production systems as the basis for economic competitiveness. The fifth objective is the attainment and maintenance of long-term current account balance and balance of payments through effective utilization of complementarities in regional and international trading arrangements as a means of increasing exports combined with initiatives for higher efficiency in the utilization of imports. The ultimate target is to enhance income generation and the peoples meaning power at the grass-roots level as the key to poverty reduction in fulfillment of the fundamental human right of equal opportunity for all citizens as enshrined in the constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania. CONSTRAINTS AND CHALLENGES FOR TRADE POLICY Tanzanias trade performance within a shrinking domestic market, in an increasingly liberalising economy that is converging with a deepening global market, is a source of concern. The essence of impediments against the growth and expansion of Tanzanian trade flow lies in supply-side constraints. The success of the envisaged trade development strategies depends on prioritising the implementation of measures addressing the totality of supply-side constraints. These constraints extend across the entire commodity/product value chains from production through processing and delivery to the consumer and encompass the full range of supporting services involved From the perspective of globalisation the same constraints assume the feature of two fundamental requirements: the need for raising the private sectors capacity to compete; and ensuring that benefits from the unfolding opportunities are accessible to broader segments of the society. Successful resolution of these demanding multidimensional constraints depends on prior determination of fundamental premises underpinning the development of production capacities including increasing access to the means of production and inherent challenges. The major fundamental premises and challenges include: establishing and sustaining an enabling business environment; development of hard and soft infrastructure; building capacity for market supporting institutions; creating the internal ability to participate in and influence changes in the world trading system; and promotion of private sector development in the context of supply-side capacity. ENABLING POLICY ENVIRONMENT The fundamental role of government is in providing the enabling policy environment that will facilitate the private sector in becoming the engine of economic activity and growth through efficiency and better performance. The Tanzanian Government is already implementing a policy entailing its withdrawal from direct involvement in economic activity to facilitate channelling of its resources in the conventional area of establishing and maintaining a conducive and enabling policy environment. Four categories of measures are involved in the process of creating an enabling environment: good governance; stability of the macro-economic framework; legal and regulatory framework reforms; and efficient economic regulation and competition policy. Good Governance Constraints and Challenges Good governance is a pre-condition for development entailing the existence of a combination of tangible and intangible attributes and functions of the government machinery. The intangible attributes refer to the well functioning of the state coupled with the institutional capacity to: maintain peace, law and order; create an atmosphere of tranquillity and confidence for investment; ensure individual liberty and equality before the law; ensure security of property and fair delivery of commercial justice; and provide adequate checks and balances in the exercise of power including transparency and predictability in public decision-making. For example the ongoing socio-political and economic reforms including broadening popular participation of the people in economic and political processes, and entrenching security of people are intended to enhance good governance. Likewise, major public and private sector investments in social and physical infrastructure aim at strengthening the capacity for efficient delivery of services necessary for competitive economic activities. However, its efficiency is hampered by a weak institutional framework for enforcement and execution. Strategy The Government is continuing with the implementation of measures aimed at strengthening its capacity to maintain good governance as its cardinal mandate including promotion of self-regulation through introduction of codes of conduct. Other measures will include extensive public awareness campaigns and moral persuasion targeting public and private sector active involvement and participation in good governance. Macro-economic Policy Environment Constraints and Challenges One of the prerogatives for attaining and sustaining high rates of economic growth is the establishment of an attractive, stable and predictable macro-economic environment for increased flow of investment and trade. This rests on the implementation of appropriate monetary and fiscal policies such as lowering and controlling inflation and the stabilization of interest and exchange rate Also it requires increased liberalisation of the operations of the financial, commodity and labour markets. In the sociopolitical sphere the observance of good governance, maintenance of peace, the rule of law and enhanced efficiency in the delivery of goods and services are of paramount importance. Strategy The Government will continue with the implementation of measures aimed at sustaining a conducive macroeconomic policy environment in its entirety as the basic condition for stimulating economic growth through increased investment and trade expansion. The Government will continue to strengthen its institutional and supervisory capacity for this purpose. This entails building a national consensus on the direction of fundamental macro economic policy variables combined with a deliberate change in the culture of government service towards increasing responsiveness to the needs of the business community. Legal and Regulatory Framework Constraints and Challenges The establishment of an enabling business environment entails a process of continuous adjustment of the legal and regulatory framework impacting on the performance of the business sector. Despite economic reforms sustained since the mid-eighties, there are still residual impediments that lead to high transaction costs. This discourages the inflow of foreign and domestic investment and hinders efficient trade sector performance. The envisaged legal and regulatory reforms seek to lower transaction costs, enhance business compliance and improve efficiency and competitiveness. The ultimate objective of legal and regulatory reforms is to protect the interests of consumers through enhancing the capacity of government institutions to perform their regulatory functions efficiently and by maintaining regulations only where they are necessary for this objective. Strategy The Government is expediting measures to stimulate international competitiveness through: (a) Reduction of unnecessary bureaucratic procedures that lead to high transaction costs for the business sector; (b) Facilitating and encouraging the development of private sector capacity to participate more effectively in the process of better regulation through public-private sector partnerships and improved advocacy. (c) Expediting the establishment of market-supporting institutions in the area of better regulation to ensure co-ordinated legal and regulatory reforms and improvement of commercial justice delivery. Economic Regulation and Competition Policy Constraints and Challenges Competition policy addresses the problem of concentration of economic power that can arise from market imperfections, monopolistic behavior in economic activities and consequent restrictive business practices. Restrictive business practices primarily affect the consumer through either higher prices and unacceptable quality standards or limitations on the availability of goods and services. Competition policy aims at perpetuating freedom of trade, freedom of choice and access to markets. Competition law is a component of competition policy prohibiting firms from engaging in anti-competitive behavior and abuse of dominant market position. The ultimate objective of economic regulation and competition policy is to protect the consumer through control of monopoly behavior on the part of producers. Tanzania has enacted three laws to govern competition and regulation of economic activity: the Fair Trade Practices Act of 1994; the Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Act (EWURA) of 2001 and the Surface and Marine Transport Regulatory Act (SUMATRA) of 2001. The SUMATRA Act also amends the Fair Trade Practices Act to establish the Fair Competition Commission (FCC) in place of the Fair Trade Practices Bureau. The mandate of these Acts is limited to the regulation of natural monopolies in the utilities and communications sectors and does not cover activities in the social and economic sectors. Strategy The Government is expediting the implementation of Competition law under the co-ordination of the FCC and related regulatory institutions and promotes consumer protection through broad-based public awareness on consumers rights and obligations. Human Skills Development Constraints and Challenges The concept of human capital as a major factor of production is increasingly assuming importance. The development of human capital from the perspective of developing economies entails focusing on four factors: basic nutrition, education, health and protection against economic vulnerability. The level of access to formal education and technical skills in leading sectors is the determinant factor in human skills development. A relatively high level of education to a large segment of the population and good training in the different aspects of the economic environment and the trade development function are the prerequisites for a successful trade regime. The experience of the Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs) shows that the process of economic transformation was underlined by quality universal primary education, enrolment ratios higher than 25 per cent in secondary education and an average of 10 per cent enrolment ratio in tertiary and university education. Data for Tanzania indicates the magnitude of the task involved in the education sector in terms of raising the scope and outreach of secondary and university education to levels necessary for the realization of the goals of Vision 2025. For instance, at 6% the ratio of secondary school enrolment is the lowest in SSA. Performance in skills development and extension services has also remained below expectations and requirements with respect to production practices in key sectors particularly agriculture, tourism and small-scale mining. The level of skills is relatively low compared to other regional economies due to low enrolment ratios in formal education at the secondary and tertiary levels and curtailed training in production and value-adding activities for workers in key economic sectors. The pace of economic transformation in Tanzania depends on the rate at which society can absorb and assimilate modern production skills and technologies in areas where the nation has advantages in resource endowments. The importance of education and skills is crucial to the perception of technology as they encompassing better production and delivery techniques and practices rather than mechanization. At the sametime the legal framework prevailing in the labour sector contributes to the pace of development of an adequate pool of skilled labour. Existing labour laws retain the tendencies of a command economy characterized by lack of flexibility in hiring practices and over-protection of employees, and limited linkage between performance and remuneration. The daunting task of expansion of the outreach of the education sector in Tanzania is highly constrained by the implications of demographic features including the concept of demographic transition and the incidence of HIV/AIDs. Demographic transition refers to the rate of change of the rates of birth and death. The essence of the concept is that developing countries experience rapid population growth and changes in its dependency ratio. While the death rate has been declining, the rate of birth has been rising resulting in the increase in the dependency ratio. HIV/AIDS has become a major health problem as well as a serious impediment to socio-economic development through its impact in the reduction of the active labour force, in particular the human capital that underpins economic transformation, higher productivity and competitiveness. Strategies Education: With respect to education, the Government had planned to raise primary education enrolment ratio to 85% by the end of 2002 and increase the rate of transition from primary to secondary education from 15% prevailing since 1998 to 20% by 2003. Emphasis had been placed on training in business education and entrepreneurship at various levels of the education system. This thrust and tempo will be maintained in the medium and long term as a strategy to bridge the gap in the outreach of the national education system. Training: With regard to skills development and production techniques top priority will be accorded to extension services for agronomic and animal husbandry practices in agriculture where the highest potential for growth based on wide linkages across sectors prevail. This will include promotion of irrigation based on traditional and modern practices and mechanized farming as far as possible. The Government will also initiate measures to introduce better packaging and delivery practices in direct response to market expectations and demands. The Government will take measures to contribute to market linkage programmes that aim at stimulating trade development through product and market diversification based on introduction of new product and new processes for value-adding activities. Labour laws: The Government is reviewing prevailing labour laws and regulations to induce the evolution of labour practices that conform to market practices that link merit, efficiency and productivity to rewards and flexibility in employment to reflect the principles of free entry and exit into industry. Labour law reforms will adhere to obligations from the International Labour Organisation. The Government will implement social sector policies aimed at the development of human capital through creation of a large pool of trained and trainable labour force as the base of structural transformation of the economy. HIV/AIDS: The government will implement a broad-based strategy of raising awareness on the scourge of HIV/AIDS and the incidence of demographic transition and encourage change in social behavioral patterns. Towards this end, emphasis will be placed on the instruments of moral persuasion and social responsibility based on accountability and self-determination rather than laxity and social permissiveness as the key to stimulating change in cultural patterns, attitudes and habits. Finally increasing accessibility to income generating activities for socially vulnerable groups will be one of the pillars to address the problem. Private Sector Development: The private sector is now formally recognized and accepted as the producer of goods and lead provider of services for the domestic and export markets and consequently the leading employer and primary vehicle for poverty eradication. The thrust of socio-economic reforms undertaken since 1995 highlights the determination to build a vibrant private sector for this purpose. Strategy The Government is developing a Private Sector Development Strategy (PSDS) to ensure broad-based and inclusive participation in production and trade and will expedite its adoption and implementation. The strategy entails the establishment of an enabling business environment through better regulation; increased private sector access to capital including titled-land, education, skills and entrepreneurship as well as provision of business support services in management, production and marketing. Institutional Capacity Building Institutional capacity building amongst the key public and private sector stakeholders in the trade policy process is the key to successful implementation. Performance in public institutions, including the Ministry of Industry and Trade (MIT) and its supporting agencies, and in business sector associations that serve the private sector, such as the Tanzania Private Sector Foundation (TPSF), Confederation of Tanzania Industry (CTI) and Tanzania Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture (TCCIA), reflects major cultural and operational weaknesses, often associated with the mind-set. These include lack of proactive initiative in identifying and addressing problems, low analytical capacity, low commitment to work and poor co-ordination. There is evidence of lack of appropriate experience to amend or repeal obsolete laws and make better and simpler regulations to facilitate enforcement on the part of the public sector, and lack of analytical capacity to advocate for requisite change on the part of the private sector. Strategy The Government will undertake capacity building needs assessment to identify institutional complementarities and gaps. Priority will be accorded to private sector capacity for analysis and advocacy in influencing policy formulation and implementation. Twinning of indigenous institutions with overseas counterparts will be explored and utilized to facilitate rapid movement along the learning curve. Transformation of Production Capacity Agriculture remains the backbone of the Tanzanian economy with over 80 per cent of the population dependent on this sector. It remains a source of employment to 75 per cent of the population, contributing 50 per cent to GDP and about 70 per cent of export earnings. Leaving the economy dependent on traditional agriculture, which in turn is dependent on the whims of nature and fluctuating terms of trade, makes the path of development unstable and unpredictable. Success of this trade strategy in the context of the goal of Vision 2025 depends on strategies for the transformation of agriculture. The revival of the agricultural sector is constrained by lack of support to facilitate technology diffusion for modern agronomic practices to raise productivity and slow response by foreign investment culminating in stagnation in the development of the private sector and agribusiness. Specific constraints include: limited access to extension services, inputs and credit facilities necessary to stimulate product diversification; weak market linkages due to poor infrastructure; and lack of market knowledge and information necessary to facilitate market diversification. There is need to modernize production practices in the designated lead sectors of mining and tourism and other priority sectors such as industry and transit trade. Such modernization depends on application of modern technology on the national resource base. Enhancing competitive value-adding capacity in these sectors is the key to transformation of economic activity. Strategy The Government will prioritise measures for agricultural transformation through implementing the Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) of 2001. One priority aspect is to ensure a net-inflow of resources into the sector to facilitate transformation of production technologies through wider research and dissemination of research results and better extension services. The government will also encourage investments in commercial farming and agro-processing industries as growth poles of the sector through out-grower and contract farming schemes and other market linkage relationships. Other measures include the promotion of industrialization through investment in Export Processing Zones (EPZs) and Industrial Parks. The Government will also encourage the channelling of investment resources to non-traditional sectors, in particular

Sweden’s Industrial Relations :: Economy Economics Politics Goverment Essays

Sweden’s Industrial Relations Sweden, like the other Nordic countries (Finland, Norway and Denmark) has long been associated with the epitome of the welfare state. This region of the world and Sweden in particular, is well known for its strong labor unions and high union participation. According to the CIA, 91% of the Swedish labor force was unionized in 1998 (Virà ©n 201). The strong unions in turn elect government officials who tend to be leftist and support unionization and union power, thus erecting the welfare state that is modern day Sweden. An analysis of the labor organization and industrial relations of Sweden gives great insight into the fluctuations of the Swedish economy as well as the mindset of the Swedish leaders setting economic policy. Sweden was governed continuously by the Social Democratic party from 1932 until 1976 and the Social Democrats would return to power periodically from the 80’s to the present day. Such a long and continuous period of governance sheds light on two important factors: 1) Swedish citizens are highly in favor of the welfare state to elect officials of the Social Democratic party over and over again and 2) the welfare state is deeply ingrained in the Swedish governance structure. Jan Bohlin agrees that â€Å"the long era of Social Democrat governmental rule has obviously left its imprint on Swedish society and the 1930s can be seen as the initial phase of an economic political model that matured after the Second World War† (160). Bohlin separates Swedish economic history into four distinct periods. The first between 1880 and the First World War saw the Swedish government spend heavily on infrastructure. The second, starting in the 1930’s and ending in the 1960†™s, the government began using policy to influence economic development and prevent economic downturn. The third, between 1960-80, was characterized by more selective yet ambitious government intervention in industrial relations. Finally, the fourth period, beginning in the 1980’s, sees the government returning to more market solutions (152). It is the second of Bohlin’s four periods that labor unions began to make their rise in Swedish society. As Evelyne Huber suggests, â€Å"conditions in Scandinavia have thus been very favorable for social democracy and their affiliated unions: the economics of all four Nordic countries are small; all are religiously homogenous and Proestant; and only Finland is linguistically divided† (116).

Law in Malaysia

Law is a system of rules and guidelines, usually enforced through a set of institutions. It shapes politics, economics and society in numerous ways and serves as a social mediator of relations between people. For example, Contract law regulates everything from buying a bus ticket to trading on derivatives markets and Property law defines rights and obligations related to the transfer and title of personal and real property and so on. Then, Natural law or the law of nature (Latin: lex naturalis) has been described as a law whose content is set by nature and is thus universal. As classically used, natural law refers to the use of reason to analyze human nature and deduce binding rules of moral behavior While Rule of Law is the absolute supremacy of the law over everybody, both the rulers and the ruled. The rule of law is a legal maxim that provides that no person is above the law, that no one can be punished by the state except for a breach of the law, and that no one can be convicted of breaching the law except in the manner set forth by the law itself. NATURAL LAW The unwritten body of universal moral principles that underlie the ethical and legal norms by which human conduct is sometimes evaluated and governed. Natural law is often contrasted with positive law, which consists of the written rules and regulations enacted by government. The term natural law is derived from the Roman term jus naturale. Adherents to natural law philosophy are known as naturalists. Naturalists believe that natural law principles are an inherent part of nature and exist regardless of whether government recognizes or enforces them. Naturalists further believe that governments must incorporate natural law principles into their legal systems before justice can be achieved. There are three schools of natural law theory: divine natural law, secular natural law, and historical natural law. Common law in Malaysia takes the form of Natural law RULE OF LAW: The Rule of Law, in its most basic form, is the principle that no one is above the law. The rule follows logically from the idea that truth, and therefore law, is based upon fundamental principles which can be discovered, but which cannot be created through an act of will. The most important application of the rule of law is the principle that governmental authority is legitimately exercised only in accordance with written, publicly disclosed laws adopted and enforced in accordance with established procedural steps that are referred to as due process. The principle is intended to be a safeguard against arbitrary governance, whether by a totalitarian leader or by mob rule. Thus, the rule of law is hostile both to dictatorship and to anarchy. The rule of law in its modern sense owes a great deal to the late Professor AV Dicey. Professor Dicey's writings about the rule of law are of enduring significance. The essential characteristic of the rule of law are: i. The supremacy of law, which means that all persons (individuals and government) are subject to law. ii. A concept of justice which emphasises interpersonal adjudication, law based on standards and the importance of procedures. iii. Restrictions on the exercise of discretionary power. iv. The doctrine of judicial precedent. v. The common law methodology. vi. Legislation should be prospective and not retrospective. vii. An independent judiciary. viii. The exercise by Parliament of the legislative power and restrictions on exercise of legislative power by the executive. ix. An underlying moral basis for all law. Legislative Authority – Source of Primary Legislation- Malaysia Legislative authority is the power to enact laws applicable to the Federation as a whole under Article 66(1) of Federal Constitution. At Federal level, the legislative power is vested in a bicameral Parliament headed by the  Yang di-Pertuan Agong  and comprises the  Dewan Negara  (House of Senate) and  Dewan Rakyat  (House of Representatives). The  Dewan Negara  has 70 members, of whom 44 are nominated by the  Yang di-Pertuan Agong, and 26 elected by the State Legislative Assemblies. The  Dewan Rakyat  is fully elected and has 219 members. The duration of the life of each Parliament and State Legislatures is about five years and is split into one-year sessions, after which the session is terminated or prorogued usually in September. The distribution of law-making authority between the Federal and State Governments is enumerated in the Ninth Schedule of the Federal Constitution; and is set out in a Federal List, State List and a Concurrent List. The main subject areas of the Federal List are external affairs, defence, internal security, civil and criminal law, citizenship, finance, commerce and shipping industry, communications, health and labour. EXECUTIVE AUTHORITY – Source of Subsidiary Legislation Malaysia The Executive is vested with the authority to govern and administer the laws by way of delegated and drafts Bills as provided under Article 39 of the Federal Constitution. The power to govern that is vested in the  Yang di-Pertuan Agong  is however exercisable by a Cabinet of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. The Cabinet is answerable to the  Yang di-Pertuan Agong  as the head of Executive Authority in the country. Each executive act of the Federal Government flows from his Royal authority, whether directly or indirectly. However, in accordance with the principle of a democratic ruling system, the Chief Executive is the Prime Minister. The  Yang di-Pertuan Agong  appoints a Cabinet – a council of Ministers – to advise him in the exercise of his functions. It consists of the Prime Minister and an unspecified number of Ministers who must all be members of Parliament either the  Dewan Rakyat  (House of Representatives) or  Dewan Negara  (House of Senate). The Ministers hold different portfolios and are collectively responsible for all decisions made by the Cabinet, which is the highest policy-making body in the country. Judicial Authority – Source of Case Law The Judiciary is empowered to hear and determine civil and criminal matters, and to decide on the legality of any legislative or executive acts as provided under Article 125A of the Federal Constitution. It is also conferred authority by law to interpret the Federal and State Constitutions. The courts can pronounce o n the validity or otherwise of any law passed by parliament and they can pronounce on the meaning of any provision of the constitution. The jurisdiction of the Malaysian courts is determined by the Courts of Judicature Act 1964 for Superior Courts and the Subordinate Courts Act 1948 for Subordinate Courts The Malaysian Courts of Justice are made up of the Superior Courts and the Subordinate Courts. The Superior Courts comprise of the Federal Court (the highest court), the Court of Appeal and the two High Courts. By virtue of Act 121(1) of the Federal Constitution judicial power in the Federation is vested on two High Courts of Coordinate jurisdiction and status namely the High Court of Malaya for Peninsular Malaysia and the High Court of Borneo for Sabah and Sarawak. ———————————————— In conflict with natural law Upholding the rule of law can sometimes require the punishment of those who commit offenses that are  justifiable  under  natural law  but not statutory law. Heidi M. Hurd  raises the exam ple of a  battered woman  who rightly believes that there is a strong probability that her husband will eventually attempt to kill her and her children unless she  preemptively  kills him. If the law does not permit the acquittal of those who claim  self-defense  in the absence of an  imminent threat  of harm, then the woman must be punished, or â€Å"what will become of the rule of law? For law seemingly ceases to be law if judges are entitled to rethink its wisdom in every case to which it applies and to disregard it whenever it is inferior to the rule that they would fashion. † http://www. nyulawglobal. org/Globalex/Malaysia. htm#_2. _Legislative_Authority

Tattoo Removal - How to Remove Tattoos

Tattoo Removal - How to Remove Tattoos Tattoos are meant to be permanent, so as you might imagine, they arent that easy to remove. Generally speaking, tattoo removal involves destruction or decolorization of the tattoo ink or else removal of the skin that contains the tattoo. A surgeon usually performs one of the following procedures on an out-patient basis: Laser Surgery This is the most common procedure because it is bloodless and produces few side effects. Laser light is used to break up or decolorize the pigment molecules. The color of the laser light depends, to some extent, on the color of the tattoo. Multiple treatments may be required. Effectiveness depends on several factors, including the chemical nature of the tattoo ink. Dermabrasion The doctor abrades or sands away the top layers of the skin to expose the tattoo and remove the ink. Some discoloration or scarring may result. Incomplete tattoo removal may result if the tattoos were inked deeply into the skin. Surgical Excision The doctor essentially cuts out the portion of tattooed skin and stitches the skin back together. This treatment is appropriate for small tattoos. A raised scar may result at the site of the stitches. Tattoo Ink Recipes | Tattoo Ink Chemistry

Democracatisation and Democracy in India 2 Essays

Democracatisation and Democracy in India 2 Essays Democracatisation and Democracy in India 2 Essay Democracatisation and Democracy in India 2 Essay Scheduled folk ( STs ) , the landless and hapless provincial, adult females and all those who were exploited politically, economically and in the name of faith ( Murugakar 1991:237 in Kumar, V.2009:64 ) .A The term Dalit is emerging bit by bit. There is a big discourse and treatment in Dalit literature on the term. For my survey intent, I am specifying Scheduled castes of Maharashtra as Dalit. Dalit specifically in small town India suffer terrible signifiers of humiliation, stigmatisation and exclusion even today. Caste biass and favoritism against Dalit is a societal fact (ibid) . Vivek kumar locates Dalit adult females on the footing of their structural location, businesss performed by dalit adult females and the social intervention. He argues out the specificity of Dalit adult females. Dalit in general are treated in an inhumane ways. Dalit adult females suffer force, subjection as a caste based act. Dalit adult females are raped, crush up and paraded naked to interrupt morale of the whole community. This Intersectionality of caste-based patriarchate makes Dalit adult females, Dalit among Dalits.A Historically Dalits have been excluded from enjoyment of societal economic, cultural civil and political rights, rights denial and misdemeanors have been due to the customary limitations imposed on them under the graded societal hierarchy, born into peculiar impure, polluted caste. The supposed dross contaminated nature of the Dalit coming from the lowest round of caste hierarchy operates as a tool for societal exclusion and development of the community. Dalits themselves are non a homogenous group. In a caste-ridden societal order, Dalits excessively have their caste divisions, and originating from them hierarchal telling excessively. Intelligibly, the differentiations originating from these be given to be region-specific, which makes it hard to hold a Dalit motion for the State as a whole. Dalits most socially and economically vulnerable communities, deficiency of entree to set down ownership, deficiency of important political engagement and deficiency of free employment, over half of dalit work force are landless agricultural laborers dependent on the dominant caste Ambedkar and Phule view that Caste hierarchies and patriarchates are per se linked. In a survey study Dalit adult females speak out the dalit adult females s description of societal struggle in their communities, independent dalit engagement in electoral political relations and local ego administration emerges as a point of struggle with the dominant castes. Attempts by Dalit adult females to take part independently in elections by contending for office without dominant caste backup, or by merely voting, frequently provoke relatiative force, illustration Lata Jogdand Dr. Ambedkar in the component Assembly, 1948 expressed his positions on Indian small towns What is a small town but a sink of localism, a lair of ignorance, narrow mindedness and communalism? ( Mathew, G. Nayak, R.1996: 1 ). He questioned the why should the small town become the venue of the political construction? ( Palanithurai 2003: 27 ) Villages ruled by its dominant elites and upper caste have been really conservative and are based on traditional caste construction. Local self authorities therefore would reenforce the small towns as unites of elect gaining controls working the downtrodden at grassroots. Sixteen old ages of the passing of the 73rd constitutional amendment Act has brought about important alterations in footings of increased political engagement of adult females. Formal engagement and engagement of Scheduled Caste, Scheduled folk and adult females has increased in local authorities. At this occasion there is a demand to set about a world cheque. Does formal engagement means existent representation of Dalit adult females? Is the procedure of political engagement inclusive and authorising? Does averment of Dalit adult females leads to atrociousnesss [ 8 ] against them as they are non meant to take part actively? The paper looks at Dalit adult females s experiences of political engagement in panchayet raj and its impact on their authorization. My involvement in the issue of Dalit adult females comes from a figure of different beginnings. First, from a personal experience as inter alia a Dalit adult female. I, see several aspects to the Dalit adult females s experiences holding been brought up with this individuality and being from the same background. Second, experience of working with civil society administrations on Gender Justice and rights of Dalit adult females during the graduation as a portion of field work, internship with CHR and volunteering in Dalit motion in India drew my attending to Dalit adult females s issues more conspicuously. During the procedure I met Dalit adult females militants from rural Maharashtra working at grass-roots and saw the changeless jobs they faced for they challenged the systemic subjugation. The intersectionality of caste and gendered hierarchy that gets intensified as Dalit adult females enter the populace sphere came frontward as a new acquisition. The socio-cultural placement and significantly the caste-class-gender interplay make Dalit adult females s experiences specific. I hence wanted to document the experiences of Dalit adult females who enter the populace sphere for the first clip through formal mean such as political engagement. Finally and most significantly my focal point on Dalit adult females s political engagement in Panchayat is because at policy degree although the debut of reserve to marginalised groups ( Women, SCs, STs ) at local organic structure envisions inclusive democracy and better administration, in pattern the local degree political relations is a rough unit of subjugation. Keeping specificity of Dalit adult females s state of affairs on board what are the alterations. Thus the demand to analyze Dalit adult females s experiences of political engagement arose from my ain apprehension and experience of the issue every bit good as Attempts Globally for inclusive engagement Any society that flatly excludes half its members from the procedures by which it regulations itself will be ruled in a manner that is less than to the full human. The Beijing Declaration and platform for action adopted by 181 UN member provinces underlined women worlds and positions are cardinal to all issues of planetary development ( United nations division for the promotion of adult females, 2000 ) . Womans constitute about 50 % of the population of the universe. But when in comes to the representation at higher degrees of political places in the authorities, they account for merely less than 10 % ( Singla, 2007: 1 ) . Marginalised position of adult females is an constituted historical phenomenon in the universe. Gender favoritism leads to the inequality against adult females in decision-making. United Nations is a cardinal forum for adult females s protagonism that upholds adult females s rights. Its charter ( 1945 ) calls for equality of sexes and enjoins on the member states to extinguish favoritism based on sex ( Dhaka, 2005: 2 ) . In 1979 the Convention on all signifiers of favoritism against adult females ( CEDAW ) was formed. There were several international conferences held to discourse issues refering adult females s development, the four really of import were at Mexico City ( Mexico ) in 1975 ; Copenhagen ( Denmark ) in 1980 ; Nairobi ( Kenya ) 1985 ; and Beijing ( China ) 1995. Through the UN decennary of adult females ( 1976-1986 ) , and the international conferences and acmes of the 1990 s adult females participated actively to determine economic, societal and political development. The Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) issued by UN Secretary General in 2001, reflects a planetary recognition for the authorization of adult females and the accomplishments of gender equality. they are treated as a affairs of human rights and societal justness. Goal 3 of MDGs negotiations specifically about publicity of gender equality and authorization of adult females and all the other ends have incorporated gender equality ( Women s Environment Development Organisation ( WEDO, 2004 ) . On the other manus adult females are still vulnerable entities in war and struggle countries, victim of cultural offenses, human trafficking, are malnourished and under represented in societal political and economical kingdom. Majority of the universe s hapless are adult females. Of the 150 million kids aged 6-11 who do nt go to school, over 90 million are misss, of the universe s 876 million illiterate people over 15 old ages two-thirds are adult females ; working adult females have less socie tal protection and employment rights ; a 3rd of all adult females have been violently abused ; over 500,000 adult females die each twelvemonth in gestation and childbearing ; and rates of HIV/AIDS infection among adult females are quickly increasing ( WEDO 2004 ) . In such a state of affairs political authorization will guarantee adult females s development. Active political engagement from the multitudes, from grassroots and within it from adult females is compulsory for their political authorization and development. Womans in India Women constitute about 49 % of India s population. Their place in a patriarchal society has neer been equal to that of work forces. There have been figure of societal reforms and attempts since pre-independence which tried to better the position of adult females, but within the set imposts and norms. Bettering their position merely to the extent to which adult females can function as better homemakers, female parents, Social reformers who carried out the reforms to better adult females s position were limited to the mainstream adult females, adult females who became portion of reform were besides those who had their male counter parts in reform motions and were educated elites. The Constitution of India addressed the issues of adult females s development through particular commissariats for adult females in cardinal rights and directing rules of the province policy. Article 14 for case negotiations about equality before jurisprudence, and Article 15 of no favoritism on the evidences of sex, specifically in the affairs of deriving free entree to public topographic points, Article 16 gives equal chance to public employment, Article 42 ensures humanist conditions of work and pregnancy alleviation for adult females. Such legislative steps continue to be an of import manner to safeguard against adult females s subjugation. There are several Torahs to protect adult females s rights and involvements, the pregnancy benefit act, the medical expiration of gestation act, the dowery prohibition act and matrimony jurisprudence are some such statute laws. Besides these, the Department of Women and Development was formed in 1985 as a portion of the Ministry of Human Resou rce Development to guarantee the development of adult females and kids. This section undertook many activities to profit adult females, including the puting up of commissions and committees ( Sujaya, 1995 cited from Singla, 2007: 36 ) . There were besides programmes introduced for the benefit of hapless and asset-less adult females such as economic programme for adult females in 1982, launched with aid from the Norse Agency for Development Cooperation ( NORAD ) , Support to preparation and Employment Programme for Women of 1987 ( STEP ) and the policy model besides includes attempts of The Ministry of Human Resource Development, Department of Women A ; Child Development, and Govt. of India which circulateanti Gram Swade-jure and de-facto enjoyment of all human rights and cardinal freedom by adult females on equal footing with work forces in aRashtriya Mahila Kosh in 1993 ( RMK ) 01, is an Incorporate Programme for Women s Authorization with aim of the all-around authorization of adult females, particularly socially and d The National hour angle 20, by ensuringtheir direct entree to, and control over, resources through a sustained procedure of mobilisation. The Swarnjayeconypolicy for Empowerment of adult females 2001. The ends of this policy areA to convey about the promotion, development and authorization of adult females, the omically 01, is an Incorporate Programme for Women s Authorization with aim of the all-around authorization of adult females, particularly socially and d The National hour angle 20, by ensuringtheir direct entree to, and control over, resources through a sustained procedure of mobilisation. The Swarnjayeconypolicy for Empowerment of adult females 2001. The ends of this policy areA to convey about the promotion, development and authorization of adult females, the omically The Indianll spheres political, economic, societal, cultural and civil ; Equal entree to engagement and determination devising of adult females in societal, political and economic life of the state. Swaymsidrojgar Yojna ( The Rural Self Employment Scheme ) 1999 purposes at set uping a big figure of micro-enterprises in the rural countries, constructing upon the potency of the rural hapless, self help groups by adult females is one of the successful activities under this programme. These are some of the recent attempts taking at adult females empowerment in general and rural adult females in peculiar to guarantee direct entree control over resources. The new attack focuses on bettering adult females s ain apprehension of national issues and their part to the economic system and policy. This is a really of import displacement in modern-day India which has potencies to de-marginalize adult females. One stat mis Despite all these attempts discrimintone of its sort is puting up of Ministry of Women and Child Development in 2006. atin India. Political authorization by the agencies of space creationgiving adult females capacity to act upon the decess by incorporating theion againse strong clasp of caste-class and patriarchate. It wae. ssed subdivision of society that the resecision-making prorvation policy was introduced m into the political system was the chief concern of Panchayat Raj. Political engagement implied the authorization and equality of adult females and marginalised. indicated that adult females and Dalit adult females in world have non been given proper representation at rural local authorities degrees, their rights are threatened at every degree of engagement due to the criminalization of political relations, backing of dominant caste and corruptness entrenched in the system. atin India. Political authorization by the agencies of space creationgiving adult females capacity to act upon the decess by incorporating theion againse strong clasp of caste-class and patriarchate. It wae. ssed subdivisi on of society that the resecision-making prorvation policy was introduced m into the political system was the chief concern of Panchayat Raj. Political engagement implied the authorization and equality of adult females and marginalised. indicated that adult females and Dalit adult females in world have non been given proper representation at rural local authorities degrees, their rights are threatened at every degree of engagement due to the criminalization of political relations, backing of dominant caste and corruptness entrenched in the system. Intersectionality may be Intersectionality defined as a theory to analyze how societal and cultural catet adult females stills to de-marginalise adult females and the oppre , i. persists. These attempts have really small range to acquire translated into world with thgories are intertwined. Discrimination based on gender does non be in isolation ; it is mediated by factorsline. Intersectionality was foremost used to denote ways in which people of color experience gender favoritism ( Crenshaw 1989, cited in Knudsenwomen in India in general is structured by relationship of power embedded in caste, category and gender favoritism. Specificity discourse. under inflecting caste ruddy indispensable in understanding such engagement. The adult females from upper caste dominant households might come ahethat whe ) . In my researchparaded bare or a Dalit young person or work forces were being punished, adult females of upper caste community acted in support of male memad and such as race, ethni city, disablement, gender, category, caste and nationality. The word intersection refers to how one line cuts through another be self-asserting aste, and gender is considehich they are partmen as on, marginalizing Dalits and Dalit adult females and the general public assistance of their society. Here comes the que I use this construct as an analytical model to explicate the favoritism faced by Dalit adult females as adult females and besides as Dalits, here Ge, cidarity overpowers the impression of placing with gender and that is why it is important to utilize an intersectional iolence against n Dalit adult females were stion of universal sistership which homogenises suffering class, My interview with Jayshree Mangubai besides revealed bers. Her caste solin exerting their rights but they would make it to profit their community and would restrict their work for the personal addition of household, or the community of tungsten Interrelation between category Vabout Dalit adult females is their socio-economic placement at the underside of caste-class-gender hierarchies, societal exclusion. Intersecting caste-class- gender factor entail exposure to coercive force utilised to keep caste norms, caste-based gender norms vis-a-vis Dalit adult females. Retaliatory force is exercised in response to Dalit adult females s averments for their rights by withstanding caste, untouchability norms or asseverating their rights to cultural economic and political resources. Violence maps as constrain to their bureau and voice, to repress both adult females and through them their community. Specificity of Being Dalit Women: Intersectionality Dalit adult females in India today figure 80.517 million or about 48 % of the entire Dalit population, 16 % of the entire female population and 8 % of the entire Indian Population ( Irudayam et al. , 2006:1 ) . Dalit adult females face favoritism on a day-to-day footing, as a Dalit, as adult females and as a hapless they are in highly vulnerable place ( National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights 2006:1 ) . Dalit adult females make bulk of unorganized laborer in urban scenes and landless laborers in rural. Systemic force against Dalit adult females can be seen as a mechanism to maintain Dalit in a subordinated place. It is built in to the construction of the dominant society, which does non admit the basic human rights of Dalit in general and Dalit adult females in peculiar. There is a clang between the expected function of Dalit adult females and the function they achieve because of the differential ways in which they negotiate their societal position and gender norms. The new public fu nction that the 1992 Act against them. generates a clang between traditional norms and the achieved political rights of Dalit adult females. Dalit adult females who have the aspiration to busy a political place often encounter opposition from the society. General disheartenment becomes force every bit shortly as they show excessively much enterprise, talk up and derive support from the larger community. Political engagement for Dalit adult females is seen as a menace by the dominant caste groups. Dalit adult females s entry in political relations is perceived as them procuring entitlement to public resources. Strong Casteist and patriarchal prejudices against Dalit consequence in violent onslaughts, keeping Dalit adult females from exerting their rights through assorted mechanisms. There forward at academic degree, I believe there is an pressing demand to analyze the experiences of Dalit adult females take parting in political relations. It is at the small town degree that caste a nd gendered hierarchy dramas out in crudest signifiers ) With this premiss I form aims of my survey the Broad Objective being: Study the experiences of Dalit adult females s right to political engagement in rural Panchayat Raj system.I have following specific nonsubjective for the survey: Explore the factors that restrain or facilitate engagement of Dalit adult females in rural Panchayat Raj. Analyze the impact of political engagement on the authorization of Dalit adult females in Panchayat Raj. To propose recommendations for effectual engagement of Dalit adult females in Panchayat Raj Research Question: Based on the aims of survey I formulated my research inquiry for the question What are the experiences of Dalit adult females take parting in panchayet raj? What are the factors that facilitate or keep political engagement of Dalit adult females? What are the accomplishments of their political engagement for themselves, for the Dalit community they represent and for the society in general? Has the political engagement impacted Dalit adult females s authorization? Feminist attack: Within feminist societal scientific discipline research, qualitative informations, in peculiar in-depth interviews have A?held a outstanding topographic point in the history of feminist inquiryA? ( Rabinowitz and Martin, 2001:44 in Kitzenger2003:126 ) . Focus groups methods are besides employed along with such talk about experiences. These are self-report methods. My pick of subject and feminist orientation required to use this method. This goes back to 2nd moving ridge of feminism ( 1970s ) that emphasized the reclaiming and proof of adult females s experiences through listening adult females s voices ( Kitzenger, 2003:125, Kirsch, 1999:4 ) . The personal experiences of adult females have besides been recognized in political context since so. Further Feminist societal scientific discipline research worker made it general to establish their surveies on adult females s voices and experiences. In fact feminist researches aimed at listening to adult females s different voicesA? ( Gilligan, 1982 in Kitzenger, 2003:126 ) and A?to address adult females s lives and experiencesin their ain footings,to make theory grounded in the existent experiences and linguistic communication of adult females ( DuBois, 1983: 108 in Kitzenger, 2003:126 ) . With this historical mention I decided to use feminist attack a most suited analytic model in my survey of Dalit adult females sharing their experiences of Political engagement. Methodology: This subdivision methodological analysis brings out the procedures through which information is collected, collated, analyzed and interpreted. This is aimed at increasing the dependability of the survey for the farther proof as research is performed in order to be used. The survey chiefly adopts a qualitative attack as it helps to understand the topic of survey through the experiences of the Dalit adult females. The paper focuses on the political engagement and its impact on Dalit women.A It attempts to look critically at political engagement of Dalit adult females and the tendencies of political engagement at local degree since the 73rd amendment Act, 1992. It does it so by documenting experiences of Dalit adult females and analysing the complexnesss involved due to caste-class-gender interplay in the political engagement procedure of Dalit adult females. These inquiries will merely be answered by speaking to Dalit adult females who have participated in the political procedures. A systematic and comprehensive certification of Dalit adult females s experiences at local administration is therefore needed. For this intent I decided to carry on a focussed survey based on qualitative primary informations collected through field work. Methodology is one of the of import subdivisions of my research paper as the procedure of qualitative question through field work has taught me more about my research subject along with the literature. After a considerable thought procedure I decided that the method should be suited to the research inquiries that I intend to turn to. As the research focuses on Dalit adult females s experiences the best method was to enter their experiences through in-depth interviews. I deliberately kept the interviews unstructured as its being qualitative in nature, provides greater comprehensiveness. In-depth unstructured interviews allow research worker to research a subject without being restricted to a series of inquiries. I being from a Dalit community and holding worked on the Dalit adult females s issues came to my advantages as the treatments with Dalit adult females were focused at the same clip gave range to them to speak out their experiences without any hinderances. The resonance edifice and trust was achieved really easy. I lived in the field topographic point with respondents and in particular instances ( there are three chief instances ) I stayed with the respondents for more than two yearss in order to understand and document the assorted dimensions involved in political engagement of Dalit adult females. I used a inquiry guideline that was formulated through the treatment with the expert in the field of research methodological analysis and local administration [ 9 ] Sampling:The purposive ( non-probability ) sampling was utilized based on focal point of my survey to document and measure the experiences of Dalit adult females s political engagement in local political relations. Intentional and directed choice of Dalit adult females at grassroots political relations was employed.A CHR, SPMM activists helped me place informations. Merely one adult female declined to give interview. The ground she declined itself interprets the job faced by Dalit adult female, I was informed by the militants that she Eighteen Dalit adult females in entire were identified from three blocks of Beed territory out of 10 blocks and one block of Latur territory. I selected ten out of 18 Dalit adult females on the footing of trying objectiveness and representation of differences within Dalit adult females. Besides, their diverse experiences of political engagement were considered.A The sample was based on following complecting standards. Panchayats at small town degree ( Gram-Panchayats ) freshly elected Scheduled caste adult females President at small town degree SC adult females who had been Ex-presidents Dalit adult females functioning as a president/Member more than one term Dalit adult female who tried but non succeeded in accessing panchayet station Cases where no-confidence gesture was exercised on the Dalit adult females presidents Cases where maltreatment, crushing up and atrociousness inflicted Success-stories of active engagement Finally 9 Dalit adult females from Beed District and one from Latur territoryof Marathwada part were selected. Three instances emerged as a chief focal point during my field work due to the particular experiences of respondents. Gaya Awhad, 49 old ages old, has nt attended school but is a self-learned, well-read the Dalit literature. She has been a president of a small town nem con for 15 old ages ( Three footings ) . All elected representatives were adult females during these three footings. She is now a member of Zilla Parishad ( District degree panchayet ) . These 15 old ages have brought in several developmental alterations in small town Dukadegao. Gaya herself feels really confident. Nilutai Kamble, 40 old ages old, Sitatai Bansod, Though the sample was purposive I balanced sub-castes within scheduled castes by holding equal respondents from Mahar and Mang castes ( major scheduled castes of Maharashtra ) . Attempts were taken to include respondents with broad scope of age in this survey. Data aggregation: In the month of July, 2009 I visited the identified field topographic point, Beed District, Marathwada part, Maharashtra. I already had established contacts with a human rights organisation Campaign for Human Rights in Beed and its sister organisation, Savitribai Phule Mahila Mandal ( SPMM ) which works on the issue of gender justness and adult females s authorization through ego aid group.A With the audience of Manisha Tokle ( The initiation secretary of SPMM ) and Ashok Tangade ( National secretary of CHR ) I identified possible respondents from the selected blocks of Beed Distict. They besides put me in contact with the field workers of CHR who handled these blocks. Manisha, Ashok and field workers gave me enriched information based on their field work experiences. Bing well-versed with the country made them experts in the psycho-social behaviour of people and the cultural challenges. Their counsel and treatments after interviews has been really of import as something new would ev er emerge out of these treatments which I might non hold thought during the interview. Their readings of the instances gave me crystallised views.A A A A A CHR field militants from several blocks accompanied me for every interview. They worked as sources. Their good resonances with the respondents, apprehension of the part and the cultural significances made my undertaking easier. My ain background being a Dalit adult female was helpful in acquiring support from the respondents, set uping resonance and deriving their trust. In-depth unstructured interviewswere recorded on the digital voice recording equipment. I maintained notes during and after every interview which helped me over come the jobs in informations analysis. The certification of experiences of adult females was backed by my notes and suggestions from the field workers who discussed their readings after every interview. Informed consent:Before utilizing the recording equipment I to the full informed the respondents about the intent of my survey and the necessity to utilize the recording equipment. Pictures of the respondents and the evidentiary paperss wherever needed were taken for certification. Interviews with expertise/ Key-Informants: I besides consulted my thoughts and paper with expertness every bit good as I interviewed cardinal sources to garner their experiences in the field, on the issue [ 10 ] . Area of survey: The country of survey was identified based on the features of the part. The Marathwada part of the Maharashtra province was selected for the really curious grounds. First, Marathwada part being one of the most backward, feudal and atrociousness prone parts of the Maharashtra province, 2nd, a really particular history of Dalit motion and force against Dalits in the part and really significantly the right based work of Human rights administrations such as CHR, SPMM for the Dalit and adult females s upliftment. Harmonizing to the first manus probe and designation of instances I selected the following Blocks in Beed District and I took one exceeding instance from Latur territory that comes in Marathwada part itself.A The structural subjugation is an result of gender based inequalities perpetuated by patriarchal power relation. Besides shaped, compounded and intensified by caste favoritism. Oppression acts as a important societal mechanism to keep Dalit adult females s caste-gender subordination to work forces and that of the dominant caste work forces. It thereby subjugates both Dalit adult females and through them their community. In the sense it devaluates adult females s position in societal order perpetuated by patriarchate and justified on the footing of sensed differences between male and female gender. In Indian context the caste ladder falling from pureness to pollution, purest Caste work forces being on the top of the ladder whereas the contaminated caste placed on the lower round, adult females are pushed even further down to the lowest round. It works against their unity as an person ; this is a misdemeanor of adult females s rights, such as their individuality as a adult female and self-respect as an person. ( Rao, 2003: 1 ) and analyzing the premises which prevent them from exerting their bureau is yet the country of geographic expedition. Imagining Dalit adult females as a different class as Bhagwat references is needed, because these feminist motions and Dalit motions lack a critical dimension from Dalit adult female s point of view. Guru emphasises on this point while he talks about politics of difference to convey out the specificity of Dalit adult females s subjection. This subjection is characterised by their experience of two distinguishable patriarchal structures a Brahmanical signifier of patriarchate that deeply stigmatizes Dalit adult females because of their caste position, every bit good as the control by Dalit work forces over the sexual and economic labor of their adult females ( Guru in Rao 2003: 1 ) . It is seen that the oppressive societal constructions have reaffirmed their high quality by assailing adult females through new ways of subjugation such as criminalization of political relations, get downing right from the election procedure to doing adult females mere placeholders of their male opposite numbers. Violence in the procedure of Political engagement to guarantee adult females s non- participate and exert their bureau is a important facet to analyze and to heighten policies which will cut across the structural inequalities of caste-class-gender and give dalit adult females an equal position. 1.3 Problem Statement They face favoritism on a day-to-day footing, as a Dalit, as adult females and as a hapless they are in highly vulnerable place. Systemic force against Dalit adult females can be seen as a mechanism to maintain Dalit in a subordinated place. It is built in to the entire construction of the dominant society, which does non admit the basic human rights of Dalit in general and Dalit adult females in peculiar. The 73rd Amendments brought about a societal alteration in footings of the traditional function of adult females ; which used to be to take attention of house clasp jobs and raise kids and be inside the four walls all her life. Questions of feasibleness remain unreciprocated such as adult females s active engagement, hidden domination ( gender sightlessness ) for case in the budgeting procedure but besides even in sing adult females as political entities, many treated adult females elected through reserve as a impermanent members in Local organic structure. The effects of averment ensuing in disheartenment, atomization and favoritism inflicting force are yet to research. An intersectional caste based atrociousnesss against Dalit adult females occur at two degrees: as an built-in portion of the caste system whereby force is utilised to reenforce caste norms and Dalit adult females are seen as legitimate mark for all signifiers of force, particularly sexual force, and when they transgress caste norms, such as caste intermarriage or untouchability norms, or asseverate their rights over resources, public infinites or cultural infinites. In other words, the procedure of Dalit adult females s authorization itself is perceived as a challenge to caste and patriarchal constructions, and provides fertile land for punitory force committed by dominant castes. ( Irudayamet al. ,2006 ) Factors such as socio-cultural impression of adult females s function act as hindrance in effectual political engagement impeding political authorization of Women ; When it comes to Dalit adult females these factors play much intense function and are specific for Dalit adult females due to their societal position, denial and even no acknowledgment to Dalit adult females s political rights consequence into atrociousnesss. Cases such as denial from villagers for flag hoisting by Dalit adult females council members on Independence Day, non being allowed to sit on the chair along with other members allow entirely speaking in the meeting, Ignoring while they talk, usage of mistreating and prejudiced linguistic communication, and humiliation on day-to-day footing are experienced by most of the Dalit adult females who participate as elective members in local political sphere. Rationale: Bing a Dalit and a Woman Ambedkar provinces in castes in India Women are gateways of caste system care of caste system by commanding adult females s gender adult females s subordination is located in their being gateways of caste system ( Ambedkar 1994: ) . Local Self Governments and Panchayat Raj in India In most parts of India the panchayet system was based on the caste system, societal position and household. During British regulation in India, in 19th century the local ego authorities ( decentralized authorities ) was introduced foremost in town and subsequently in small towns, it took more than 100 old ages for Local self authorities to go portion of Indian Constitution. These organic structures are called Panchayat Raj system. Although the Local ego authorities functioned in India, it was extremely based on Jat Panchayat where in the lower caste and adult females did nt hold topographic point to voice their grudges nor could they take portion in determination devising. Panchayat was held and monitored by the dominant caste male members. During 1869, the British institutionalised these local organic structures into quasi-official commissions, but unequal fiscal resources and provincial authoritiess resistances made them fragile and uneffective. There were efforts to resuscitate Local authoritiess by few British vicereines such as Lord Ripon. He led the foundation of modern local authorities through his declaration in 1882. There were several statute laws passed thenceforth to democratize the local establishments. Mahatma Gandhi had strong religion in rural India, and his position was to accomplish small townSwaraj.Gandhi strongly supported decentalisation of economic and political power through the organisation of Village Panchayats Masses who live in rural India should be determination shapers of their ain local organic structures. He questioned the possibility of such a democracy in a state with tight and centralized authorities which would be replaced by Indian elites after the British elite regulation. He was of the definite position that panchayet system in India, if worked on scientific lines, could non merely construct up the societal and economic strength of the countryside but besides strengthen the forces of national defense mechanism against the hazard of foreign invasion ( Narayan, S. ) Ambedkar, a firm constitutionalist worked within the province and sought solutions to societal jobs with the assistance of the province. He knew the of the baneful caste system. Ambedkar argued that local elite and upper castes were so good intrench that any local ego authorities would merely intend the go oning development of the downtrodden multitudes of Indian society. He argued that the small town was a cesspit, a lair of ignorance, narrow-mindedness, and communalism . ( Vayasulu, 1999: 3678 ) . Panchayat Raj was incorporated in Article 40 of the Constitution, and is one the Directive Principle of State Policy. Despite the beliing positions between strong leaders of independent India Panchayat Raj found its topographic point in Constitution and has developed farther. In pattern the puting up of small town panchayets stayed uneffective since there was no force per unit area on any province to set up such a system. Subsequently the proviso associating to the constitution of Panch ayati Raj under the Constitution was relegated to consultative position taking to few provinces enterprises to implement panchayat elections. B ) Balwant Rai Mehta Committee The induction of community development programme in 1952 established institutionalised Panchayat Raj. Aims of community development programme were to advance self-help and self-reliance amongst rural people and to bring forth direct procedure of incorporate societal, economical and cultural alteration through transmutation in societal and economical life of small town. Recommendations by the Balwant Rai Mehta commission in 1959 ascertained deficiency of people s engagement and suggested a set of institutional agreements. The three-tier system was therefore introduced to organize and pull off the rural development activities and to do engagement meaningful and effectual. The commission on the position of adult females in the twelvemonth 1974 strongly recommended the constitution of statutory adult females s panchayet at small town degree. Aim of this enterprise was to take the cultural and societal suppressions and guarantee enterprise of adult females s engagement through the exclusively adult females s organic structures. It was recommended that the transitional step be taken to interrupt the traditional attitudes in rural society, by being built-in portion of panchayet raj system and claiming liberty and resources of their ain for direction and disposal of public assistance and development programmes for adult females and kids ( Santha 1999 ) . degree Celsius ) Ashok Mehta commission Ashok Mehta commission was set up once more to resuscitate the Panchayat Raj in the 1977 during the Janata Government [ 11 ] at the Centre. It recommended the creative activity of two-tier systems, Zila Parishad at territory degree and Mandal Panchayat for bunch of small towns. Both the Balwant Rai Mehta commission and the Ashok Mehta commission gave less accent on adult females s engagement. The former provided for the co-optation of two adult females members in the fundamental law of panchayat one from general class and one from SC/ST. Merely two adult females were co-opted/ nominated for their reserved seats alongside the male members in the group of 15 to 19 members. Besides deriving a symbolic infinite, adult females could nt exert participatory rights. They were still mostly under-represented. The co-opted few, participated as they were relations of the rural elite. They were therefore kept out of the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours operation of the PRIs. Co-option or nomination of adult females was non democratic, and served as a drawback. Dalit adult females, if they got elected would largely be the employees of the dominant caste members and their economic dependence would besiege their possible to be self-asserting. It still meant protectin g the involvements of the dominant political and societal groups as if adult females were non capable of running the Village authorities and they were treated as impermanent members in local political relations. 73 Amendment and Women s entry in Panchayat Raj The 73rd Constitutional amendment act enacted on 24th of April 1993 provided an chance for affecting adult females, SCs and STs in mainstream political, societal and economic determination doing procedure. The 73rd amendment provided 33 % reserve for adult females, article 243 D of the fundamental law provides for reserve of Scheduled caste ( SC ) and Scheduled folks ( ST ) in all grades and degrees of Panchayat in proportion to their population in the part, at least one 3rd seats reserved should be for adult females of SC, ST community. Following the commissariats of 73rd amendments province authorities amended their province panchayet Raj act. The 73rd amendment resulted in to engagement of a important Dalit proportion into panchayet system. There was a drastic alteration in adult females s representation in 1996 election after 73rd amendment was enacted.A Overall engagement in Karnataka was 46 % , Kerala 37 % , Haryana and Gujarat around 33 % the tendency was the same through out the state. Ambedkar and Phule the histories of development, ritual stigmatization and political disenfranchisement as representing the lives of marginalised ( Omvedt 1995 ) . the baronial thoughts of self-determination would non interpret into world with the being of the inequality. Panchayat Raj would be uneffective on the canvass of rigorous caste system, gender inequality and feudal values. But we can non wait until these stipulations are fulfilled, the 73rd amendment and attendant province Acts of the Apostless warrant reserve so as to take to the authorization of Dalit and adult females. ( Mathew, G. Nayak, M. 1996:3 ) 73RD Amendment act passage is a major measure towards adult females s authorization. Acknowledge their equal rights to take part. The statistics showed in the beginning of this subdivision suggested engagement of adult females. Government studies brought out the success narratives of 73rd amendment ; though they failed to see that adult females s rights to take part every bit were being violated by doing them mere silent persons and placeholders by the small town dominant male members. Dalit faced different challenges such as their economical dependence on the land having upper caste, caste as their societal disability did nt let them to inquire for their equal portion in democracy. Gender-caste nexus vis-a-vis Panchayat Raj Descent and work-based favoritism, untouchability and force is originating out of caste system, historically Dalits have been excluded from enjoyment of societal, economic, cultural, civil and political rights. Rights denial and misdemeanors have been due to the customary limitations imposed on them under the graded societal hierarchy, born into peculiar impure, polluted caste. The supposed contaminated nature of the Dalit coming from the lowest round of caste hierarchy operates as a tool for societal exclusion and development of the community. Dalits themselves are non a homogenous group. In a caste-ridden societal order, Dalits excessively have their caste divisions, and originating from them hierarchal telling excessively. Intelligibly, the differentiations originating from these be given to be region-specific, which makes it hard to hold a Dalit motion for the State as a whole. Violence and atrociousnesss against Dalit adult females occur at two degrees: as an built-in portion of the caste system whereby force is utilized to reenforce the caste norms and Dalit adult females are seen as available for all signifiers of force, particularly sexual force. Second is when they transgress caste norms, such as caste intermarriage or untouchability norms, or asseverate their rights over resources, public infinites or cultural infinites. In other word procedure of Dalit adult females s authorization itself is perceived as a challenge to caste and patriarchal constructions, here we can see the political engagement of Dalit adult females may set them into vulnerable state of affairs ( Irudayam, et al 2006 ) . United Nations study on force against adult females has besides noted that Dalit adult females face targeted force, even colza and decease from province histrions and powerful members of dominant castes, used to bring down political lessons and crush dissent within the community. Political Engagement and Empowerment Dalit adult females Engagement: Theory Several writers have argued that there can non be a cosmopolitan definition for engagement in the context of development. A on the job definition put together by Oakley and Marsden ( Singala, 2007: 62 ) summarizes engagement with following characteristics: voluntary attempts, sensitisation, response, and engagement in decision-making procedures, programme execution, sharing benefits and rating, appraisal of demand, inaugural and control.A Engagement is cardinal to societal life. From a socio-psychological point of view, Warr and Wall have defined engagement with footings like involvement , and influence ( Chell, 1985: 1, cited from Singala, 2007: 63 ) Vrum, as quoted by Chell, considers the sum of psychological engagement as the sum of influence that an single feels he has in decision-making . Thus three elements are cardinal to engagement, which are inter-related due to non-unitary nature of the construct of engagement: influence, interaction and information sharing. Engagement, at the local degree of administration, pertains to the engagement of people of diverse backgrounds prosecuting a peculiar or common aim, though people may hold different grounds to take part. There can be several grounds for adult females to contend a local-body election. It could be for regard, position, popularity, satisfaction, or the chance to work out the issues impacting their small town. There can besides be pecuniary outlooks, the range for interrupting off from traditional functions, or even the possibility of flight from the asperities of day-to-day jobs. These grounds could be categorized into three types: being, relatedness, and growing as explained by Alderfer ( Robbins 2002: 161, Singla 2007: 65 ) The existence demands can be psychological in nature such as payment, nutrient, vesture, shelter and safety. Relatedness has to make with those refering interpersonal issues such as regard and belongingness. Growth denotes one s personal development. The major h urdle of theory when applied to the existent context of engagement of adult females in PRIs is that if the demands because of which they participate in this establishment are non met, they are likely to stop such engagement. This could take the signifier of non-attendance of meetings or reluctance to contend the following election. Sustainable economic and societal development requires that people participate in the political procedure. India s enabling statute law made it compulsory for local authorities to include adult females, raising the barriers and hindrances that curtailed the full engagement of adult females in the political procedure. Taking our theory into history, we see that with the political engagement in the context of Indian adult females, and Dalit adult females in peculiar, the interaction of sexes in the procedure of decision-making, and particularly the differences due to caste kineticss hinder and deter Dalit adult females, therefore coercing them to stop. Kaushik ( 1993 ) prefixes the word political before engagement and associates political engagement with the construct of power. She says political relations is a survey of an exercising of power and there for political engagement means exercising of power. Furthermore, she says that analysis of political engagement of adult females would hold to unite a few constituents, such as, extent, degree and nature of adult females s engagement in the political procedures by manner of both formal and informal establishments. Thus the procedure of political engagement is complex, and it s non clear that it is comprehensively inclusive. Reasons for non- engagement could run from apathy, a sense of weakness or denial of rights to take part wholly. The impact and significance of such engagement is adult females s rights, better life conditions and the articulation of a scope of feminist issues that are raised in the class of such engagement. The point is measure is non of import they are a agencies to accomplish something more cardinal. There are several factors which impede the engagement and maintain it at a mere representation degree. A significant proportion of adult females do nt have support from their households in the discharge of their political map. The add-on of public sphere duties hinders adult females s function in domestic work and therefore control their active engagement. Authorization The term authorization foremost used in the sixtiess in the context of political mobilisation by militants of the Black Panther Movement in the US. Gender Empowerment Measure ( GEM ) an index developed by The Human Development Report 1995 ( UNDP ) . It is a step of bureau evaluates advancement in progressing adult females s standing in political and economic forums. It examines the extent to which adult females and work forces are able to actively take part in economic and political life and take portion in decision-making. The GEM measures political engagement and determination doing power, economic engagement and bid over resources. ( HDI, 1995:73 ) [ 12 ] Singh and Titi ( 1995 ) place following elements or necessary conditions for authorization amongst the other Engagement to decision-making procedures by all people, in peculiar adult females and Youth Local autonomy, liberty in the decision-making procedures of communities at small town degree, and direct participatory democracy in the larger procedure if representative administration. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.skk.uit.no/WW99/papers/Aithal_Vathsala.pdf ) ByBush and Folgersdefinition, authorizationmeans the Restoration to persons of a sense of their ain value and strength and their ain capacity to manage life s jobs. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.beyondintractability.org/essay/empowerment/ ) Authorization is a procedure where adult females are able to alter from a province of impotence ( aˆzI can non ) to a province of corporate assurance ( aˆzwe can ) .( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.skk.uit.no/WW99/papers/Aithal_Vathsala.pdf ) The Concept of authorization is pertinent to this survey. Authorization entered into development vocabulary some three decennaries ago and has been widely used since so. It is of import to see if Dalit adult females have scope to see this dynamic procedure and its terminal consequences in geting societal, political and economic power at a political, societal and personal degree. Authorization for Kabeer is closely rooted in the impression of power and its contrary, impotence. ( Kabeer, N.A Barua 2006 ) Power could be attained through several different beginnings. The dominant castes in India have legitimised their monopoly over power, and therefore Dalit adult females are rendered powerless. This impotence may non be observed by the dominant caste male members or Dalit adult females besides for that affair due to the gender prejudices. To be disempowered is to be denied pick while empowerment refers to procedure by which those who have been denied the ability to do picks get such ability. Empowerment therefore implies a procedure of alteration ( Kabeer, N. 2003: 3 ) . Bachrah and Baratz s points out thatpoweris non merely the consequence of an unfastened, decisive procedures but it can be obtained in ways that are unobserved and concealed. Lukes takes this thought farther by non merely looking at how people make determinations or who or what gets left out but is besides about howpoweris able to run without being perceived at all. In brief, the adult females are discouraged to set forth their positions by invariably being told they are non good plenty. Soon, they come to believe that they so have no value. Kabeer explores the construct of authorization through three closely interrelated dimensions of bureau, resources, and accomplishments. Agency in her position represents the procedure by which picks are made and put into consequence. Resources are the medium through which bureau is exercised and accomplishments refer to the out comes of bureau. Kabeer provinces that agency in relation to empowerment implies non merely actively exerting picks but making this in ways which challenge power dealingss ( Kabeer, 2003: 2 ) . Resources refer to the assorted stuffs, human and societal resources that are distributed throughout society and positively act upon the person s ability to do picks and the term on which people gain entree to resources are as of import in the procedure of authorization as the resources themselves ( Kabeer, 2003: 3 ) Therefore, resources and bureau combine to put people with the capablenesss to populate the lives they want and their accomplishments refer to the extent to which this potency is realised or fails to be realised, i.e. the result of their attempts ( Kabeer, 2003: 4 ) . Kabeer besides emphasises single authorization should take to some signifier of structural alteration if systemic inequalities are to be addressed. Women s authorization is seen as a cardinal scheme for gender equality. Though literature shows there is much treatment over what authorization means, how can it be measured since the current schemes are seen uneffective, sing the intertwining of two important factors such as caste and gender. Authorization may hold come to intend different thing to different people but wide support for thought that adult females need to be empowered indicates a general understanding that they lack power and that power relation act to their disadvantage. In the instance of Dalit adult females one would be critical about the authorization facet in the whole procedure of political engagement of Dalit adult females, which is important and questionable. Even though the policies and Acts of the Apostless have been enforced to promote the engagement at that place has been a small attending towards the execution. Powerlessness of adult females is non simply because of their dependence on their male opposite numbers for stuff grounds, or them being illiterate but there are systemic inequalities led by societal, cultural and structural factors. At the single degree these factors could be self-confidence, consciousness of self image of adult females and it relates to them being educated. But the social constructions play important function in adult females s nurturing, and maintaining them ignorant, thereby naturalizing and routinising the marginalization. Caste stratification in Indian society is one of the chief grounds for retardation of an d want of the marginalized subdivisions of the Indian society. Womans are the weakest amongst the weak, caste stratification when accompanied by gender inequality adds further to the already worse state of affairs. While the affirmatory action has brought adult females into determination doing place, the empowerment still is a inquiry. The civilization of subjugation has such an impact on Dalit community, doing them experience inferior and so susceptible for favoritism, that favoritism becomes portion of their mundane life.A Women s Empowerment Acts of the Apostless at a series of degrees, from the cultivation of power within an Individual such that she has both the will and capacity to alter, to the cultivation of power and solidarity within the community of adult females to face structural obstructions to social alteration and battle for equity. Womans who are self-asserting are denied nomination utilizing menaces. When they do contend elections and are empowered, their self-asserting usage of bureau brings them face to face with force, ensuing in other adult females exerting cautiousness over stepping into the political arena.A While authorization through policies and schemes is of import at the same clip it is of import to besides see complex nature of action that implies alteration in position quo. The extent of adult females s formal engagement is an of import index of adult females s authorization. Authorization harmonizing to Kabeer is a part from grassroots ; the positions evolved from grassroots experiences shows even though participatory development rhetoric the power remains in the custodies of a little dominant minority. A Way Forward The invisibleness of Dalit adult females s being is so deep that we are unconscious when we refer to marginalization of adult females in development procedure we really refer to Dalit adult females. In adult females s motion at that place has been tendency to play down the caste factor while unifying adult females as a victim of force control over adult females and control over lower caste as their subordinated position connexion could be understood but inquiry of untouchability thereby specificity of Dalit adult females should be confronted. Decision It s now when they are come ining into the political relations the deep-seated interconnecting factors hindering adult females s development and Dalit adult females s development in peculiar are critically observed and mechanisms should be formed for development and authorization which is inclusive. Constrain and experiences of Dalit adult females in political engagement democratic political development and societal development of an single freedom are a drawn-out process.A Gendering Caste notes Coercion, development and force are facets of caste system. Differenc